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# Names of large numbers

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article lists and discusses the usage and derivation of names of large numbers, together with their possible extensions.

The following table lists those names of large numbers which are found in many English dictionaries and thus have a special claim to being "real words". The "Traditional British" values shown are unused in American English and are obsolete[citation needed] in British English, but their other language variants are dominant in many non-English-speaking areas, including continental Europe and Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America; see Long and short scales.

## [edit] The "standard dictionary numbers"

Name | Short scale (USA and Modern British) | Long scale (Continental Europe, Archaic British, and India) | Authorities
--- | --- | --- | ---
AHD4[1] | COD[2] | OED2[3] | OEDnew[4] | RHD2[5] | SOED3[6] | W3[7] | UM[8]
million | 106 | 106 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
milliard |  | 109 | ✓ |  | ✓ |  | ✓ |  |  | ✓
billion | 109 | 1012 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
billiard |  | 1015 | ✓ |  | ✓ |  | ✓ |  |  | ✓
trillion | 1012 | 1018 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
trilliard |  | 1021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
quadrillion | 1015 | 1024 | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
quadrilliard |  | 1027 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
quintillion | 1018 | 1030 | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
quintilliard |  | 1033 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
sextillion | 1021 | 1036 | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
sextilliard |  | 1039 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
septillion | 1024 | 1042 | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
septilliard |  | 1045 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
octillion | 1027 | 1048 | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
octilliard |  | 1051 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
nonillion | 1030 | 1054 | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
nonilliard |  | 1057 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
decillion | 1033 | 1060 | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
decilliard |  | 1063 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
undecillion | 1036 | 1066 | ✓ |  |  |  | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓
undecilliard |  | 1069 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
duodecillion | 1039 | 1072 | ✓ |  |  |  | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓
duodecilliard |  | 1075 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
tredecillion | 1042 | 1078 | ✓ |  |  |  | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓
tredecilliard |  | 1081 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
quattuordecillion | 1045 | 1084 | ✓ |  |  |  | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓
quattuordecilliard |  | 1087 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
quindecillion (quinquadecillion) | 1048 | 1090 | ✓ |  |  |  | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓
quindecilliard (quinquadecilliard) |  | 1093 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
sexdecillion (sedecillion) | 1051 | 1096 | ✓ |  |  |  | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓
sexdecilliard (sedecilliard) |  | 1099 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
septendecillion | 1054 | 10102 | ✓ |  |  |  | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓
septendecilliard |  | 10105 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
octodecillion | 1057 | 10108 | ✓ |  |  |  | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓
octodecilliard |  | 10111 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
novemdecillion (novendecillion) | 1060 | 10114 | ✓ |  |  |  | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓
novemdecilliard (novendecilliard) |  | 10117 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
vigintillion | 1063 | 10120 | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
vigintilliard |  | 10123 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
...
centillion | 10303 | 10600 | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓ |  |  |  | ✓
centilliard |  | 10603 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Name | Value | Authorities
--- | --- | ---
AHD4 | COD | OED2 | OEDnew | RHD2 | SOED3 | W3 | UM
googol | 10100 | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
googolplex | 10googol | ✓ |  | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓

Apart from million, the words in this list ending with -illion are all derived by adding prefixes (bi-, tri-, etc.) to the stem -illion.[9] centillion[10] appears to be the highest name ending in -"illion" that is included in these dictionaries. Trigintillion, often cited as a word in discussions of names of large numbers, is not included in any of them, nor are any of the names that can easily be created by extending the naming pattern (unvigintillion, duovigintillion, duoquinquagintillion, etc.).

All of the dictionaries included googol and googolplex, generally crediting it to the Kasner and Newman book and to Kasner's nephew. None include any higher names in the googol family (googolduplex, etc.). The Oxford English Dictionary comments that googol and googolplex are "not in formal mathematical use".

## [edit] Usage of names of large numbers

Some names of large numbers, such as million, billion, and trillion, have real referents in human experience, and are encountered in many contexts. At times, the names of large numbers have been forced into common usage as a result of excessive inflation. The highest numerical value banknote ever printed was a note for 1 sextillion pengő (1021 or 1 milliard bilpengő as printed) printed in Hungary in 1946. In 2009, Zimbabwe printed a 100 trillion (1014) Zimbabwean dollar note, which at the time of printing was only worth about 30 US dollars.[11]

Names of larger numbers, however, have a tenuous, artificial existence, rarely found outside definitions, lists, and discussions of the ways in which large numbers are named. Even well-established names like sextillion are rarely used, since in the contexts of science, astronomy, and engineering, where large numbers often occur, numbers are usually written using scientific notation. In this notation, powers of ten are expressed as 10 with a numeric superscript, e.g., "The X-ray emission of the radio galaxy is 1.3·1045 ergs." When a number such as 1045 needs to be referred to in words, it is simply read out: "ten to the forty-fifth." This is just as easy to say, easier to understand, and less ambiguous than "quattuordecillion", which means something different in the long scale and the short scale.

When a number represents a quantity rather than a count, SI prefixes can be used—thus "femtosecond", not "one quadrillionth of a second"—although often powers of ten are used instead of some of the very high and very low prefixes. In some cases, specialized units are used, such as the astronomer's parsec and light year or the particle physicist's barn.

Nevertheless, large numbers have an intellectual fascination and are of mathematical interest, and giving them names is one of the ways in which people try to conceptualize and understand them.

One of the first examples of this is The Sand Reckoner, in which Archimedes gave a system for naming large numbers. To do this, he called the numbers up to a myriad myriad (108) "first numbers" and called 108 itself the "unit of the second numbers". Multiples of this unit then became the second numbers, up to this unit taken a myriad myriad times, 108·108=1016. This became the "unit of the third numbers", whose multiples were the third numbers, and so on. Archimedes continued naming numbers in this way up to a myriad myriad times the unit of the 108-th numbers, i.e., and embedded this construction within another copy of itself to produce names for numbers up to Archimedes then estimated the number of grains of sand that would be required to fill the known Universe, and found that it was no more than "one thousand myriad of the eighth numbers" (1063).

Since then, many others have engaged in the pursuit of conceptualizing and naming numbers that really have no existence outside of the imagination. One motivation for such a pursuit is that attributed to the inventor of the word googol, who was certain that any finite number "had to have a name". Another possible motivation is competition between students in computer programming courses, where a common exercise is that of writing a program to output numbers in the form of English words.

Most names proposed for large numbers belong to systematic schemes which are extensible. Thus, many names for large numbers are simply the result of following a naming system to its logical conclusion—or extending it further.

## [edit] Origins of the "standard dictionary numbers"

The words bymillion and trimillion were first recorded in 1475 in a manuscript of Jehan Adam. Subsequently, Nicolas Chuquet wrote a book Triparty en la science des nombres which was not published during Chuquet's lifetime. However, most of it was copied by Estienne de La Roche for a portion of his 1520 book, L'arismetique. Chuquet's book contains a passage in which he shows a large number marked off into groups of six digits, with the comment:

> Ou qui veult le premier point peult signiffier million Le second point byllion Le tiers point tryllion Le quart quadrillion Le cinqe quyllion Le sixe sixlion Le sept.e septyllion Le huyte ottyllion Le neufe nonyllion et ainsi des ault's se plus oultre on vouloit preceder

> (Or if you prefer the first mark can signify million, the second mark byllion, the third mark tryllion, the fourth quadrillion, the fifth quyillion, the sixth sixlion, the seventh septyllion, the eighth ottyllion, the ninth nonyllion and so on with others as far as you wish to go).

Chuquet is sometimes credited with inventing the names million, billion, trillion, quadrillion, and so forth. This is an oversimplification.

Million was certainly not invented by Adam or Chuquet. Milion is an Old French word thought to derive from Old Italian milione, an intensification of mille, a thousand. That is, a million is a big thousand, much as 1728 is a great gross.

From the way in which Adam and Chuquet use the words, it can be inferred that they were recording usage rather than inventing it. One obvious possibility is that words similar to billion and trillion were already in use and well-known, but that Chuquet, an expert in exponentiation, extended the naming scheme and invented the names for the higher powers.

Chuquet's names are only similar to, not identical to, the modern ones.

Adam and Chuquet used the long scale of powers of a million; that is, Adam's bymillion (Chuquet's byllion) denoted 1012, and Adam's trimillion (Chuquet's tryllion) denoted 1018.

## [edit] An aide-memoire

An easy way to find the value of the above numbers in the short scale is to take the number indicated by the prefix (such as 2 in billion, 4 in quadrillion, 18 in octodecillion, etc.), add one to it, and multiply that result by 3. For example, in a trillion, the prefix is tri, meaning 3. Adding 1 to it gives 4. Now multiplying 4 by 3 gives us 12, which is the power to which 10 is to be raised to express a short-scale trillion in scientific notation: one trillion = 1012.

In the long scales, this is done simply by multiplying the number from the prefix by 6. For example, in a billion, the prefix is bi, meaning 2. Multiplying 2 by 6 gives us 12, which is the power to which 10 is to be raised to express a long-scale billion in scientific notation: one billion = 1012. The intermediate values (billiard, trilliard, etc.) can be converted in a similar fashion, by adding ½ to the number from the prefix and then multiplying by six. For example, in a septilliard, the prefix is sept meaning 7. Multiplying 7½ by 6 yields 45, and one septilliard equals 1045. Doubling the prefix and adding one then multiplying the result by three would give the same result.

These mechanisms are illustrated in the table in long and short scales.

## [edit] The googol family

The names googol and googolplex were invented by Edward Kasner's nephew, Milton Sirotta, and introduced in Kasner and Newman's 1940 book, Mathematics and the Imagination,[12] in the following passage:

> The name "googol" was invented by a child (Dr. Kasner's nine-year-old nephew) who was asked to think up a name for a very big number, namely 1 with one hundred zeroes after it. He was very certain that this number was not infinite, and therefore equally certain that it had to have a name. At the same time that he suggested "googol" he gave a name for a still larger number: "Googolplex". A googolplex is much larger than a googol, but is still finite, as the inventor of the name was quick to point out. It was first suggested that a googolplex should be 1, followed by writing zeros until you got tired. This is a description of what would actually happen if one actually tried to write a googolplex, but different people get tired at different times and it would never do to have Carnera a better mathematician than Dr. Einstein, simply because he had more endurance. The googolplex is, then, a specific finite number, with so many zeros after the 1 that the number of zeros is a googol.

Value | Name | Authority
--- | --- | ---
10100 | Googol | Kasner and Newman, dictionaries (see above)
10googol = | Googolplex | Kasner and Newman, dictionaries (see above)

Conway and Guy [13] have suggested that N-plex be used as a name for 10N. This gives rise to the name googolplexplex for 10googolplex. Conway and Guy [13] have proposed that N-minex be used as a name for 10−N, giving rise to the name googolminex for the reciprocal of a googolplex. None of these names are in wide use, nor are any currently found in dictionaries.

## [edit] Extensions of the standard dictionary numbers

| This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2006)

This table illustrates several systems for naming large numbers, and shows how they can be extended past vigintillion.

Traditional British usage assigned new names for each power of one million (the long scale): 1,000,000 = 1 million; 1,000,0002 = 1 billion; 1,000,0003 = 1 trillion; and so on. It was adapted from French usage, and is similar to the system that was documented or invented by Chuquet.

Traditional American usage (which, oddly enough, was also adapted from French usage but at a later date), and modern British usage, assigns new names for each power of one thousand (the short scale.) Thus, a billion is 1000 × 10002 = 109; a trillion is 1000 × 10003 = 1012; and so forth. Due to its dominance in the financial world (and by the US-dollar) this was adopted for official United Nations documents.

Traditional French usage has varied; in 1948, France, which had been using the short scale, reverted to the long scale.

The term milliard is unambiguous and always means 109. It is almost never seen in American usage, rarely in British usage, and frequently in European usage. The term is sometimes attributed to a French mathematician named Jacques Peletier du Mans circa 1550 (for this reason, the long scale is also known as the Chuquet-Peletier system), but the Oxford English Dictionary states that the term derives from post-Classical Latin term milliartum, which became milliare and then milliart and finally our modern term.

With regard to names ending in -illiard for numbers 106·n+3, milliard is certainly in widespread use in languages other than English, but the degree of actual use of the larger terms is questionable. For example, as of 2004[update], Google searches on French-language pages for trillion, quadrillion, and quintillion return 6630, 312, and 127 hits respectively, whilst searches for trilliard and quadrilliard return only 102 and 7 hits respectively. The terms "Milliarde" in German, "miljard" in Dutch, "milyar" in Turkish and "миллиард" in Russian are standard usage when discussing financial topics.

The naming procedure for large numbers is based on taking the number n occurring in 103n+3 (short scale) or 106n (long scale) and concatenating Latin roots for its units, tens, and hundreds place, together with the suffix -illion. In this way, numbers up to 103·999+3 = 103000 (short scale) or 106·999 = 105994 (long scale) may be named. The choice of roots and the concatenation procedure is that of the standard dictionary numbers if n is 20 or smaller, and, for larger n (between 21 and 999), is due to John Horton Conway and Richard Guy. Since the system of using Latin prefixes will become ambiguous for numbers with exponents of a size which the Romans rarely counted to, like 106,000,258, Conway and Guy have also proposed a consistent set of conventions which permit, in principle, the extension of this system to provide English names for any integer whatsoever.[13]

Names of reciprocals of large numbers do not need to be listed here, because they are regularly formed by adding -th, e.g. quattuordecillionth, centillionth, etc.

For additional details, see billion and long and short scales.

Base -illion (short scale) | Value | USA and Modern British (short scale) | Traditional British (long scale) | Traditional European (Peletier) (long scale)
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | 106 | Million | Million | Million
2 | 109 | Billion | Thousand million | Milliard
3 | 1012 | Trillion | Billion | Billion
4 | 1015 | Quadrillion | Thousand billion | Billiard
5 | 1018 | Quintillion | Trillion | Trillion
6 | 1021 | Sextillion | Thousand trillion | Trilliard
7 | 1024 | Septillion | Quadrillion | Quadrillion
8 | 1027 | Octillion | Thousand quadrillion | Quadrilliard
9 | 1030 | Nonillion | Quintillion | Quintillion
10 | 1033 | Decillion | Thousand quintillion | Quintilliard
11 | 1036 | Undecillion | Sextillion | Sextillion
12 | 1039 | Duodecillion | Thousand sextillion | Sextilliard
13 | 1042 | Tredecillion | Septillion | Septillion
14 | 1045 | Quattuordecillion | Thousand septillion | Septilliard
15 | 1048 | Quindecillion | Octillion | Octillion
16 | 1051 | Sexdecillion | Thousand octillion | Octilliard
17 | 1054 | Septendecillion | Nonillion | Nonillion
18 | 1057 | Octodecillion | Thousand nonillion | Nonilliard
19 | 1060 | Novemdecillion | Decillion | Decillion
20 | 1063 | Vigintillion | Thousand decillion | Decilliard
21 | 1066 | Unvigintillion | Undecillion | Undecillion
22 | 1069 | Duovigintillion | Thousand undecillion | Undecilliard
23 | 1072 | Tresvigintillion | Duodecillion | Duodecillion
24 | 1075 | Quattuorvigintillion | Thousand duodecillion | Duodecilliard
25 | 1078 | Quinquavigintillion | Tredecillion | Tredecillion
26 | 1081 | Sesvigintillion | Thousand tredecillion | Tredecilliard
27 | 1084 | Septemvigintillion | Quattuordecillion | Quattuordecillion
28 | 1087 | Octovigintillion | Thousand quattuordecillion | Quattuordecilliard
29 | 1090 | Novemvigintillion | Quindecillion | Quindecillion
30 | 1093 | Trigintillion | Thousand quindecillion | Quindecilliard
31 | 1096 | Untrigintillion | Sexdecillion | Sexdecillion
32 | 1099 | Duotrigintillion | Thousand sexdecillion | Sexdecilliard
33 | 10102 | Trestrigintillion | Septendecillion | Septendecillion
34 | 10105 | Quattuortrigintillion | Thousand septendecillion | Septendecilliard
35 | 10108 | Quinquatrigintillion | Octodecillion | Octodecillion
36 | 10111 | Sestrigintillion | Thousand octodecillion | Octodecilliard
37 | 10114 | Septentrigintillion | Novemdecillion | Novemdecillion
38 | 10117 | Octotrigintillion | Thousand novemdecillion | Novemdecilliard
39 | 10120 | Noventrigintillion | Vigintillion | Vigintillion
40 | 10123 | Quadragintillion[14] | Thousand vigintillion | Vigintilliard
50 | 10153 | Quinquagintillion | Thousand quinquavigintillion | Quinquavigintilliard
60 | 10183 | Sexagintillion | Thousand trigintillion | Trigintilliard
70 | 10213 | Septuagintillion | Thousand quinquatrigintillion | Quinquatrigintilliard
80 | 10243 | Octogintillion | Thousand quadragintillion | Quadragintilliard
90 | 10273 | Nonagintillion | Thousand quinquaquadragintillion | Quinquaquadragintilliard
100 | 10303 | Centillion | Thousand quinquagintillion | Quinquagintilliard
101 | 10306 | Uncentillion | Unquinquagintillion | Unquinquagintillion
102 | 10309 | Duocentillion | Thousand unquinquagintillion | Unquinquagintilliard
103 | 10312 | Trescentillion | Duoquinquagintillion | Duoquinquagintillion
110 | 10333 | Decicentillion | Thousand quinquaquinquagintillion | Quinquaquinquagintilliard
111 | 10336 | Undecicentillion | Sexaquinquagintillion | Sexaquinquagintillion
120 | 10363 | Viginticentillion | Thousand sexagintillion | Sexagintilliard
121 | 10366 | Unviginticentillion | Unsexagintillion | Unsexagintillion
130 | 10393 | Trigintacentillion | Thousand quinquasexagintillion | Quinquasexagintilliard
140 | 10423 | Quadragintacentillion | Thousand septuagintillion | Septuagintilliard
150 | 10453 | Quinquagintacentillion | Thousand quinquaseptuagintillion | Quinquaseptuagintilliard
160 | 10483 | Sexagintacentillion | Thousand octogintillion | Octogintilliard
170 | 10513 | Septuagintacentillion | Thousand quinquaoctogintillion | Quinquaoctogintilliard
180 | 10543 | Octogintacentillion | Thousand nonagintillion | Nonagintilliard
190 | 10573 | Nonagintacentillion | Thousand quinquanonagintillion | Quinquanonagintilliard
200 | 10603 | Ducentillion | Thousand centillion | Centilliard
300 | 10903 | Trecentillion | Thousand quinquagintacentillion | Quinquagintacentilliard
400 | 101203 | Quadringentillion | Thousand ducentillion | Ducentilliard
500 | 101503 | Quingentillion | Thousand quinquagintaducentillion | Quinquagintaducentilliard
600 | 101803 | Sescentillion | Thousand trecentillion | Trecentilliard
700 | 102103 | Septingentillion | Thousand quinquagintatrecentillion | Quinquagintatrecentilliard
800 | 102403 | Octingentillion | Thousand quadringentillion | Quadringentilliard
900 | 102703 | Nongentillion | Thousand quinquagintaquadringentillion | Quinquagintaquadringentilliard

Value | USA and Modern British (short scale) | Traditional British (long scale) | Traditional European (Peletier) (long scale)
--- | --- | --- | ---
10100 | Googol (Ten duotrigintillion) | Googol (Ten thousand sexdecillion) | Googol (Ten sexdecilliard)
| Googolplex | Googolplex | Googolplex

## [edit] Proposals for new naming system

See also: -yllion

In 2001, Russ Rowlett, Director of the Center for Mathematics and Science Education at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill proposed that, to avoid confusion, the Latin-based short scale and long scale systems should be replaced by an unambiguous Greek-based system for naming large numbers that would be based on powers of one thousand. [15]

## [edit] Other large numbers used in mathematics and physics

- Avogadro's number
- Graham's number
- Skewes' number
- Steinhaus–Moser notation

## [edit] See also

- Number prefix
- Knuth's up-arrow notation
- Large numbers
- List of numbers
- Long and short scales
- Nicolas Chuquet
- Number names

| Mathematics portal

- Indefinite and fictitious numbers
- Indian numbering system
- Orders of magnitude
- Orders of magnitude (numbers)
- SI prefix

## [edit] References

1. ^ American Heritage Dictionary, 4th edition, ISBN 0-395-82517-2. [1]
2. ^ Cambridge Dictionaries Online, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198611862 (and addendums since publication in 1989.)
4. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, New Edition, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. [2] (subscription required), checked April 2007
5. ^ The Random House Dictionary, 2nd Unabridged Edition, 1987, Random House.
6. ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition, 1993, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
7. ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged, 1993, Merriam-Webster.
8. ^ "How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measures". Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
9. ^ p. 316, The History of the English Language, Oliver Farrar Emerson, New York, London: Macmillan and Co., 1894.
10. ^ Entry for centillion in the American Heritage Dictionary
11. ^ "Zimbabwe rolls out Z$100tr note". BBC News. January 16-2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7832601.stm. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
12. ^ Kasner, Edward and James Newman, Mathematics and the Imagination, 1940, Simon and Schuster, New York.
13. ^ a b c The Book of Numbers, J. H. Conway and R. K. Guy, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996, pp. 15–16. ISBN 0-387-97993-X.
14. ^ Often misspelled quardragintillion.
15. ^ Rowlett, Russ (2001-11-01). "Names for large numbers". University of North Carolina. http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/large.html. Retrieved 2008-01-31.

## [edit] External links

- Robert Munafo's Large Numbers
- How high can you count? by Landon Curt Noll.
- Full list of large number names list sorted by 10n and by word length
- Big numbers Educational site, which can name any numbers put into it (up to centillion)

[hide] Large numbers
Subarticles | Names of large numbers · History of large numbers
Examples (numerical order) Standardized list · Name list | million · googol · googolplex · Skewes' number · Moser's number · Graham's number · Transfinite numbers
Expression methods |

Notations | Knuth's up-arrow notation · Conway chained arrow notation · Steinhaus–Moser notation
Operators | Hyper operators (Tetration) · Ackermann function

Related articles | Number systems · Number names · Orders of magnitude (numbers) · List of numbers · Indefinite and fictitious numbers

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